UK posts largest ever budget surplus of £30.4bn in January
Newsflash: The UK government has racked up a record-breaking budget surplus in January.
Britain’s public sector was £30.4bn in surplus last month, the Office for National Statistics reports, beating expectations of a surplus of around £24bn.
That’s double the surplus recorded in January 2025 – traditionally a strong month due to self-assessment tax bills – and is the highest surplus since monthly records began in 1993.
It’s a clear boost for the chancellor, Rachel Reeves, in the run-up to her spring statement next month,
The public sector (excluding public sector banks) was £30.4 billion in surplus in January 2026.
This was £15.9 billion more than in January 2025 and was the highest surplus since monthly records began in 1993 (not adjusted for inflation).
Read more ➡️ https://t.co/bvKpcgAoLr pic.twitter.com/cf1itbvgrS
— Office for National Statistics (ONS) (@ONS) February 20, 2026
ONS chief economist Grant Fitzner says:
“January – which is traditionally a strong month for self-assessed tax receipts – saw the highest surplus since monthly records began.
“Revenue was strongly up on the same time last year, while spending was little changed, due to lower debt interest payments largely offsetting higher costs on public services and benefits.
“Across the first ten months of the current financial year, borrowing is lower than the same period a year ago.”
Key events
UK private sector growth hits 22-month high
Newsflash: It’s a hat-trick of good economic news for Rachel Reeves!
UK private sector output growth has accelerated to its fastest rate in almost two years, data provider S&P Global reports.
S&P Global’s poll of UK purchasing managers has found there was “a robust and accelerated upturn in new work” at UK companies this week, with both manufacturing and services companies reporting solid rates of business activity expansion.
Chris Williamson, chief business economist at S&P Global Market Intelligence, explains:
“The early PMI data for February bring further signs of an encouraging start to the year for the UK economy. A solid rise in output across manufacturing and services has been reported in both January and February, with the rate of expansion gaining pace.
The survey data so far this year are consistent with GDP rising by just over 0.3% in the first quarter if this performance is sustained into March.
The upturn continues to be led by the service sector but there are signs that manufacturing is regaining momentum to join in the recovery, reporting a surge in export orders of a magnitude not seen since the pandemic.”
This lifted the Flash UK PMI composite output index to 53.9, up from January’s 53.7, and a 22-month high [any reading over 50 shows activity increased].
However, it’s not universally good news. Employment numbers decreased for the seventeenth successive month, led by another marked reduction in the service economy, as companies cut back their headcounts.
Williamson says:
“Despite enjoying higher demand for goods and services, companies remain focused on boosting productivity to cut costs, resulting in yet another month of steep job losses to prolong the continual jobs downturn that was initiated by the 2024 autumn Budget.”
The UK stock market is rising in early trading, after this morning’s flurry of upbeat economic news.
The FTSE 100 share index has gained 38 points, or 0.36%, to 10,665 points, having broken through the 10,700 point mark for the first time this week.
Aarin Chiekrie, equity analyst at Hargreaves Lansdown, says:
The FTSE 100 has opened higher this morning, supported by news of a significant reduction in public borrowing and a surge in January retail sales. For context, the UK government almost always runs a budget surplus in January, but this year’s £30.4bn was the largest on record, well ahead of market expectations and more than double the prior year’s level of £14.5bn.
The 1.8% month-on-month uplift in retail sales volumes was also well ahead of forecasts for 0.2% growth, driven by gains across all major categories except department stores. That leaves sales volumes at their highest level since August 2022. But with employment growth flagging and wage growth slowing, households likely won’t be able to maintain this level of spending for long.
UK bond prices are strengthening this morning, pushing down the cost of borrowing.
The yield, or interest rate, on UK 5 year gilts has dropped to its lowest level since September 2024, Reuters reports, at 3.765%. That’s a drop of around two basis points (0.02 percentage points).
10-year bond yields are also down 2bps, while long-dated 30-year gilt yields have dropped by 3bps.
Although small moves, these are in the right direction as far as the government is concerned.
Today’s record budget surplus, and the big jump in retail sales in January, “reinforces a recovery in economic momentum since the November Budget” says Simon French, chief economist at City firm Panmure Liberum.
Wow. A couple of big beats on UK economic data. Bumper January tax receipts (a £30.4bn current surplus) putting the YTD current deficit lower than the OBR’s November forecast. And retail sales up 1.8% MoM; 4.5% YoY. Reinforces a recovery in economic momentum since the November… pic.twitter.com/AahxbktIkj
— Simon French (@Frencheconomics) February 20, 2026
Falling inflation also boosted the UK’s public finances last month.
That’s because the interest rate on some government debt is pegged to the Retail Prices Index measure of inflation, which has eased compared with a year ago.
As a results, the interest bill on central government debt fell to £1.5bn in January, down from £6.5bn in January 2025.
The jump in tax receipts last month may show that UK government receipts are starting to get the boost from inflation and wage growth earlier in the year.
Nick Ridpath, research economist at the Institute for Fiscal Studies, says:
“Today’s data on the public finances is particularly important, given the outsized impact of January’s self-assessment returns on revenues and borrowing for the year as a whole.
Income tax receipts had been a little disappointing over 2025, lagging behind forecasts even as inflation and wage growth exceeded expectations. But today’s data shows that self-assessment revenues in January were almost £2 billion (6%) higher than forecast.
The government’s plan to run a current budget surplus from 2028-29 onwards is reliant on marked reductions in borrowing over the next few years – reductions that will be far easier to achieve if tax revenues continue to come in strongly.”
Some positive UK public finance news 👇
It now looks like borrowing for 2025/26 will come in not just lower than 2024/25, but lower than was forecast in November. The uptick in income tax receipts (including bumper January self-assessment returns) is a good sign. https://t.co/jG2quday6C
— Ben Zaranko (@BenZaranko) February 20, 2026
The surge in precious metals prices this year, and increased demand for sports supplements, both helped British retail sales last month.
The ONS reports:
Mail order retailers, which are predominantly online, experienced a boost from retailers selling sports supplements, as well as continued strong sales volumes by online jewellers. Comments from jewellers reported that demand had hit unprecedented levels.
The big reduction in public borrowing and surge in retail sales in January support other evidence that the economy started the year looking a lot healthier, says Paul Dales, chief UK economist at Capital Economics.
It will give the chancellor something positive to point to in her Fiscal Statement on 3rd March, he points out.
Dales also points out that fiscal drag helped to boost tax receipts, saying:
The freeze on income tax thresholds helped prompt a £29.4bn rise in self-assessment tax receipts, up £3.6bn from a year ago.
That said, January’s surplus was flattered by a £17.0bn surge in capital gains tax receipts in January this year as some taxpayers sought to benefit from lower CGT rates ahead of an anticipated CGT tax rise in the 2024 Budget. This is not a sustainable improvement. And the big picture is that borrowing has failed to come down much this year
Inheritance tax receipts have slightly risen this financial year.
Inheritance Tax receipts for April 2025 to January 2026 are £7.1bn, which is £100m more than the same period last year, HMRC data shows.
Under UK rules, the tax-free threshold for inheritance is £325,000, or £650,000 for a couple.
Isaac Stell, investment manager at Wealth Club, says the middle classes are increasingly facing death duties, saying:
“The government has made a pig’s ear of inheritance tax reform. Crackdowns on farmers and business owners proved unpopular and ultimately unworkable, forcing a partial retreat on relief thresholds. But years of frozen allowances, combined with new rules that will bring pensions into the scope of IHT, mean more ordinary families, not just the wealthy, are being pulled into the tax net.
At the same time, HMRC’s tougher enforcement is adding further pressure at what is already a difficult time for bereaved families. With the tax base widening and sharp ‘cliff edges’ in the relief system still in place, proactive planning and accurate reporting have never been more important.
Recent reporting also highlights growing public frustration that inheritance tax is increasingly affecting middle income households, particularly those whose main wealth is tied up in their home or retirement savings. Frozen thresholds, set against steadily rising asset values, mean many people who would not consider themselves wealthy are now facing significant tax bills.
Meanwhile, HMRC investigations are increasing. More than 14,000 bereaved families have been investigated for potentially underpaid inheritance tax since 2022–23, with the number of cases this year running well ahead of last year. These inquiries which are often prompted by data matching and valuation checks can last months or even years, and may result in additional tax, interest and penalties.
Taken together, rising asset values, static allowances and expanded reporting requirements are creating a situation where estates that previously fell outside the IHT net are now becoming liable, leaving many middle-class families caught off guard.
January’s blistering budget surplus hasn’t made much of a dent in the UK’s national debt, though.
The UK’s net debt-to-GDP ratio at the end of January 2026 was provisionally estimated at 92.9%, which is equal to that of 12 months ago.
UK deficit on course to undershoot forecasts, in boost to Reeves
January’s blowout budget surplus may help the UK to undershoot borrowing forecasts this year!
With 10 months of the financial year behind us, the UK has run up a deficit of £112.1bn.
That’s £14.6bn less than at this stage a year ago, and £8.3bn less than the £120.4 billion forecast by the Office for Budget Responsibility..
Martin Beck, chief economist at WPI Strategy, says:
“Although January, traditionally a bumper month for self-assessment and capital gains tax, delivered a typical budget surplus, the £30.4bn excess of revenues over spending was much larger than the £24.1bn forecast by the OBR and a record high. That leaves year-to-date borrowing at £112.1bn, £8bn lower than the £120.4bn expected in November’s Budget forecast.
“With two months of the fiscal year remaining, the deficit is on course to undershoot the OBR’s full-year borrowing forecast of £138.3bn by around £10bn, a positive for a government trying to maintain fiscal credibility amidst recent political turbulence.
“Current borrowing, the measure relevant to one of the Chancellor’s key fiscal rules, also came in below expectations in the fiscal year to January, reaching £55.9bn against an OBR forecast of £59.3bn. The deadline for meeting the current budget rule may not be until 2029/30, but November’s headroom is now looking a little more robust than projected.
“Still, in absolute terms, borrowing on course to reach around £130bn this year is worrisome for an economy that both the OBR and the Bank of England judge to be close to full capacity. But it also reflects an uncomfortable reality: the private sector has been deleveraging for years and continues to prioritise saving over spending. The public sector deficit is not just a story about government choices, it is the mirror image of private-sector caution.
Chart: the largest UK monthly budget surplus on record
Looking back at this morning’s public finances, there was a significant jump in tax revenues from self-assessment taxpayers and from capital gains tax.
The ONS reports that the combined receipts from self-assessed Income and Capital Gains Tax receipts rose to £46.4bn in January, £10.5bn more than January 2025.
That’s the highest total for a January on record (not adjusted for inflation), helping the UK to post its biggest ever monthly budget surplus.
UK retail sales smash forecasts
The latest retail sales figure are rather stronger than expected too!
British retail sales rose by 1.8% on a monthly basis in January, the ONS reports, smashing forecasts of a 0.2% rise. That’s the largest monthly rise since May 2024.
On an annual basis, retail sales volumes were 4.5% higher, again higher than forecast.
The ONS reports that growth in January 2026 was partly because of artwork and antiques sales, alongside continued strong sales from online jewellers.
However, over the last three months retail sales were only up by 0.1%, compared with the previous quarter (due to a fall of 0.4% in November).
Here’s ONS chief economist Grant Fitzner to explain:
“Retail sales rose slightly in the latest three months, as sales continued to pick up in the new year following a weak November.
“Motor fuel sales increased a little across the period, while sales of art works, tech retailers and furniture stores also performed well. These were partially offset by falls in supermarket sales.”
UK posts largest ever budget surplus of £30.4bn in January
Newsflash: The UK government has racked up a record-breaking budget surplus in January.
Britain’s public sector was £30.4bn in surplus last month, the Office for National Statistics reports, beating expectations of a surplus of around £24bn.
That’s double the surplus recorded in January 2025 – traditionally a strong month due to self-assessment tax bills – and is the highest surplus since monthly records began in 1993.
It’s a clear boost for the chancellor, Rachel Reeves, in the run-up to her spring statement next month,
The public sector (excluding public sector banks) was £30.4 billion in surplus in January 2026.
This was £15.9 billion more than in January 2025 and was the highest surplus since monthly records began in 1993 (not adjusted for inflation).
Read more ➡️ https://t.co/bvKpcgAoLr pic.twitter.com/cf1itbvgrS
— Office for National Statistics (ONS) (@ONS) February 20, 2026
ONS chief economist Grant Fitzner says:
“January – which is traditionally a strong month for self-assessed tax receipts – saw the highest surplus since monthly records began.
“Revenue was strongly up on the same time last year, while spending was little changed, due to lower debt interest payments largely offsetting higher costs on public services and benefits.
“Across the first ten months of the current financial year, borrowing is lower than the same period a year ago.”
Introduction: Public finances and retail sales coming up…
Good morning. We’re about to get a new healthcheck on the British economy, with the latest public finances and retail sales data.
Economists predict that January was a bumper month for the public finances, as people rushed to pay self-assessment tax bills before the deadline at the end of the month.
The City expects January’s surplus could come in at a whopping £23.8bn, as the public sector received more in taxes and other income than it spent. That would be a record for any January – a welcome boost for the chancellor ahead of next month’s Spring economic forecasts.
Retail spending may have slowed in January, though. Economists predict monthly growth of just 0.2%, down from 0.4% in December, although the annual pace could pick up to 2.8% from 2.5%.
The agenda
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7am GMT: UK retail sales for January
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7am GMT: UK public finances for January
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9am GMT: Eurozone flash PMI report
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9.30am GMT: UK flash PMI report
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1.30pm GMT: US GDP report for Q4 2025
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2.45pm GMT: US flash PMI report
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3pm GMT: University of Michigan’s consumer sentiment index for February
