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Others have made vaccines mandatory for parts of the population and imposed restrictions that increasingly explicitly target the unvaccinated, as Europe battles the twin challenges of sharply rising Covid figures and plateauing vaccination rates.
Nearly one year into the EU’s vaccination campaign, and with around one in three Europeans still unvaccinated, it is not so much hesitancy that European governments are now facing as outright opposition, with the danger that as governments get tougher so too will popular anger towards them.
Even before the pandemic, vaccine hesitancy in Europe was strongly correlated to a populist distrust of mainstream parties and governments.
What the pandemic has provided is a Europe-wide real-time test of that correlation. Nearly two years in and with most countries having exhausted what means they had of encouraging people to get vaccinated, the map of those who remain unvaccinated shows that where there is distrust in government and traditional political parties — as measured by the strength of populist movements — many people have yet to get vaccinated.
Essentially, people who trust institutions need no convincing in the face of a pandemic; people who don’t are unlikely to be influenced at all.
Difficulties with vaccine rollouts and in reaching more remote and elderly rural populations are also to blame in Eastern Europe, but in some of the countries where vaccine take-up has been lowest, populist parties are either in power or strong electorally.
Further west, lower vaccination rates are also to be found in countries and regions with either popular or voluble populist or extremist movements, as in Germany, Austria and Northern Italy.
A new common enemy
Sophie Tissier, who organizes protests against Covid-19 restrictions and vaccines in France, says that these protests have created a new political force that is radical but goes beyond party political lines.
She says her group seeks to “create a citizens’ opposition which is beyond electoral considerations and much more like a watchdog that sits outside the world of politics to be able to tell it: ‘Look here, you are no longer protecting our rights, you are no longer protecting our rights under the law.'”
In August, more than 230,000 people took to the streets across the country in one day after France became one of the first European countries to announce the use of relatively strict vaccine passes.
“It really set things alight because people realized that life as it was, was coming to an end,” she said. “People would no longer be free, or able to go out as they did.”
Since then, protests have tapered off in France, partly because no mainstream party has been openly encouraging its supporters to join them. France’s vaccine rates are among the highest in Europe, suggesting that even in countries where there is strong vaccine hesitancy — as there was in France even before the pandemic — far-right or populist parties’ stance on the vaccine can have an impact.
The mandate is due to come into force in February 2022.
Even as he announced the move, Schallenberg accused the Freedom Party of being responsible for the country’s low vaccination rates and of having stirred up vaccine hesitancy.
In other European countries, populist parties have also jumped on the bandwagon.
And the divide in opinion over pandemic measures is no longer about extreme left and extreme right, said French political scientist Jean-Yves Camus, but “between the mainstream and the periphery.”
“It’s much more about the extreme,” Camus said. “The most extreme fringe groups taking advantage of the pandemic to say: ‘This virus is fake, there is no pandemic and you are being tricked by your governments. It’s a worldwide conspiracy of your national governments. They are using the pandemic to infringe on your individual rights and using vaccination passes to have your personal data,’ and so on.”
In parts of Eastern Europe, but also in and around Germany — from Northern Italy to the Netherlands and Austria — parties which once focused on immigration or Europe have been tapping into the widespread anger of those opposed to vaccines and Covid-19 restrictions, shifting their attention to an issue far more likely to appeal to the apolitical and to cut across traditional party political lines.
Their new enemy is far more federating: The Covid-19 measures and vaccination campaigns that they say threaten their freedom.
Vaccine mandates
In a part of the world where the fight against the pandemic has already been hampered by vaccine hesitancy, such mandates could fuel more resistance.
“The worry is that anti-vaxxers could come to hold even more extreme positions,” said Russo, of the University of Turin. “That’s one risk. But we should also consider that where vaccines become mandatory, there will need to be controls and that could further undermine institutional trust. “
In other words, forced vaccination might push people into vaccination centers but it will also drive some of them to the streets, confirming and further fueling their deeply held suspicion of “the system.”
The fight against the pandemic may one day come to an end, but the fight against populism in Europe could be just beginning.
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